Telescopic Lip Dock Leveller

The continuing growth of e-commerce and last-mile deliveries within the UK logistics sector results in distributors and operators looking for even greater flexibility and speed when loading/unloading all types of fleet vehicles. The innovative HTLV4 dock leveller from Hörmann UK can provide a safe and adaptable solution with its unique 3-part telescopic lip making it suitable for all vehicles sizes including euro-trailers, through to transit vans.

Removing the need for separate loading bays with different ramp heights to accommodate either lorries or vans, the HTLV4 dock leveller is a cost effective and space saving solution. Designed with a three-piece telescopic lip and variable weight compensation the HTLV4 can operate either across its full telescopic lip as a conventional dock leveller or with the extension of only the middle section to accommodate smaller vehicles and transit vans. The dock leveller has a self-supporting articulated design and is manufactured in accordance with EN 1398. It is available in three standard widths and four standard lengths making it suitable for the majority of operational conditions.

For the loading and unloading of vans the HTLV4 has been manufactured with a patented, intelligent hydraulic system. Two hydraulic cylinders allow the dock leveller to follow the movement of the loading surface of the vehicle, reducing the transference of weight from the leveller onto the back of the van. This, combined with the positive positioning of the leveller at every point of the loading operation, results in a safer working environment for loading operatives, protects the vehicle from harsh loading forces and prevents overloading of the leveller.

For lorries the HTLV4 operates across its whole telescopic width without any compromise in performance and safety when compared to a standard dock leveller. Fully extended the HTLV4 provides an impressive maximum rated load of 60kN and when the leveller is operating with just the middle section extended for smaller vehicles, a maximum load of 20kN can be accommodated.

Industrial Division Manager for Hörmann, Phil Thorpe comments, “At Hörmann our aim is to provide a loading solution suitable for every situation and environment, and to find ways to help streamline processes for more efficient workflows. The HTLV4 dock leveller is an update to our successful HTVL3 model and just another example of how we have used our expertise to create an innovative solution to what is a growing issue within the logistics sector. Whilst there are other products on the market that facilitate the loading and unloading of different sized vehicles, Hörmann is the only manufacturer to offer a product that has been designed specifically for this purpose.

Not only does the HTLV4 continue to offer maximum flexibility, but it also ensures that operators can extend their loading capacity in terms of performance, whilst not compromising the safety of their workforce.“

Telescopic Lip Dock Leveller

The continuing growth of e-commerce and last-mile deliveries within the UK logistics sector results in distributors and operators looking for even greater flexibility and speed when loading/unloading all types of fleet vehicles. The innovative HTLV4 dock leveller from Hörmann UK can provide a safe and adaptable solution with its unique 3-part telescopic lip making it suitable for all vehicles sizes including euro-trailers, through to transit vans.

Removing the need for separate loading bays with different ramp heights to accommodate either lorries or vans, the HTLV4 dock leveller is a cost effective and space saving solution. Designed with a three-piece telescopic lip and variable weight compensation the HTLV4 can operate either across its full telescopic lip as a conventional dock leveller or with the extension of only the middle section to accommodate smaller vehicles and transit vans. The dock leveller has a self-supporting articulated design and is manufactured in accordance with EN 1398. It is available in three standard widths and four standard lengths making it suitable for the majority of operational conditions.

For the loading and unloading of vans the HTLV4 has been manufactured with a patented, intelligent hydraulic system. Two hydraulic cylinders allow the dock leveller to follow the movement of the loading surface of the vehicle, reducing the transference of weight from the leveller onto the back of the van. This, combined with the positive positioning of the leveller at every point of the loading operation, results in a safer working environment for loading operatives, protects the vehicle from harsh loading forces and prevents overloading of the leveller.

For lorries the HTLV4 operates across its whole telescopic width without any compromise in performance and safety when compared to a standard dock leveller. Fully extended the HTLV4 provides an impressive maximum rated load of 60kN and when the leveller is operating with just the middle section extended for smaller vehicles, a maximum load of 20kN can be accommodated.

Industrial Division Manager for Hörmann, Phil Thorpe comments, “At Hörmann our aim is to provide a loading solution suitable for every situation and environment, and to find ways to help streamline processes for more efficient workflows. The HTLV4 dock leveller is an update to our successful HTVL3 model and just another example of how we have used our expertise to create an innovative solution to what is a growing issue within the logistics sector. Whilst there are other products on the market that facilitate the loading and unloading of different sized vehicles, Hörmann is the only manufacturer to offer a product that has been designed specifically for this purpose.

Not only does the HTLV4 continue to offer maximum flexibility, but it also ensures that operators can extend their loading capacity in terms of performance, whilst not compromising the safety of their workforce.“

Lithium Battery Power for Cleaning Machines

Battery technology for use within the cleaning industry has not significantly improved over the last 40 years. Until now. Three years ago, a 36V Lithium high capacity option was considered bespoke and very expensive compared to 24/48V versions, which were primarily developed for the forklift market.

Since then, Lincoln Cleaning Technology (LCT) has worked extensively with their battery supplier, Battery Service Hub (BSH), to develop an innovative 36V Lithium battery to fit their ATS50BE combination sweeper scrubber. This machine had already proved a popular alternative to LPG and diesel machines of a similar size, especially with companies keen to reduce their carbon footprint.

The idea was first discussed when one of LCT’s customers, a national distribution company, became frustrated with conventional lead acid battery technology when visiting their warehouses around the UK to find cleaning machines parked in a corner with a battery that hadn’t been charged or maintained and which subsequently needed replacing after only a couple of years.

Traditional batteries have an average life expectancy of three years, depending on the number of charges and discharges. Charging a traditional battery from 80% discharged takes 10-12 hours, with any deviation potentially causing damage. With current cleaning regimes within many industrial buildings, often more than one machine is therefore required to cope with the recharging downtime. Lithium, however, allows opportunity charging without causing any damage to or shortening the life of the battery – and the operator does not have to maintain it.

MHE Manager at Culina Asset Management, Andy Miszkiel, is delighted, saying “We find Lithium the ideal fuel for a cleaning machine due to the way they are used operationally. They have short charging windows without having to take the machine out of operation for extended periods, as we do with lead acid.”

Cleaning machines

Director at BSH, Andy Riddle, explains “Because of the quick recharge time from (4 hours from 90% discharge), they would not be without a machine if it was needed outside of the usual cleaning window. The faster recharge time can mean that fewer machines are required, saving additional labour cost, capital outlay and storage space.”

LCT’s Sales Director, Simon Jackson, added “The cost of Lithium over the last three years has come down to a commercially viable level, allowing us to offer extended hire terms to offset the cost difference, delivering a robust commercial and operational solution for our customers.”

With 3,000 charging cycles, shorter charging time (50%-60% faster), no hazardous gases when charging and no requirement for diesel of LPG, the 36V Lithium battery provides flexibility and creates an opportunity for cost savings in warehouses and distribution centres in areas such as electricity consumption and maintenance.

Lithium Battery Power for Cleaning Machines

Battery technology for use within the cleaning industry has not significantly improved over the last 40 years. Until now. Three years ago, a 36V Lithium high capacity option was considered bespoke and very expensive compared to 24/48V versions, which were primarily developed for the forklift market.

Since then, Lincoln Cleaning Technology (LCT) has worked extensively with their battery supplier, Battery Service Hub (BSH), to develop an innovative 36V Lithium battery to fit their ATS50BE combination sweeper scrubber. This machine had already proved a popular alternative to LPG and diesel machines of a similar size, especially with companies keen to reduce their carbon footprint.

The idea was first discussed when one of LCT’s customers, a national distribution company, became frustrated with conventional lead acid battery technology when visiting their warehouses around the UK to find cleaning machines parked in a corner with a battery that hadn’t been charged or maintained and which subsequently needed replacing after only a couple of years.

Traditional batteries have an average life expectancy of three years, depending on the number of charges and discharges. Charging a traditional battery from 80% discharged takes 10-12 hours, with any deviation potentially causing damage. With current cleaning regimes within many industrial buildings, often more than one machine is therefore required to cope with the recharging downtime. Lithium, however, allows opportunity charging without causing any damage to or shortening the life of the battery – and the operator does not have to maintain it.

MHE Manager at Culina Asset Management, Andy Miszkiel, is delighted, saying “We find Lithium the ideal fuel for a cleaning machine due to the way they are used operationally. They have short charging windows without having to take the machine out of operation for extended periods, as we do with lead acid.”

Cleaning machines

Director at BSH, Andy Riddle, explains “Because of the quick recharge time from (4 hours from 90% discharge), they would not be without a machine if it was needed outside of the usual cleaning window. The faster recharge time can mean that fewer machines are required, saving additional labour cost, capital outlay and storage space.”

LCT’s Sales Director, Simon Jackson, added “The cost of Lithium over the last three years has come down to a commercially viable level, allowing us to offer extended hire terms to offset the cost difference, delivering a robust commercial and operational solution for our customers.”

With 3,000 charging cycles, shorter charging time (50%-60% faster), no hazardous gases when charging and no requirement for diesel of LPG, the 36V Lithium battery provides flexibility and creates an opportunity for cost savings in warehouses and distribution centres in areas such as electricity consumption and maintenance.

Fifth Red Dot for Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks

The EDiA XL electric counterbalance from Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks has picked up its second honour in recent months after being named winner of a Red Dot design award for 2023.

This latest accolade means the entire current EDiA range: the 1.4–2.0-tonne EDiA EM, the 2.5–3.5-tonne EDiA EX, and the 4.0–5.5-tonne EDiA XL, have all been granted use of the famous Red Dot. A much sought-after mark, it has become an internationally recognised symbol of outstanding design over its 60+ year history, signifying excellence in aesthetics, functionality, or innovation.
A truly next-generation forklift, EDiA XL is a step forward for what is possible with electric trucks, offering performance and productivity beyond IC engine models thanks to cutting-edge developments such as AutoBoost and Adaptive Lit Control, combined with the green, efficient benefits of electricity. The Red Dot jury was highly impressed by EDiA XL’s clean and modern design and outstanding ergonomics, creating an incredibly driver-focused truck.

In fact, ergonomics has been a key feature of all the EDiA wins, highlighting Mitsubishi Forklift Truck’s commitment to ensuring operators always remain at their most comfortable, even through the longest shifts.

EDiA EX was a winner in 2015 thanks to its pioneering features, such as the Sensitive Drive System, excellent all-round visibility, and fluid, intuitive operation. 360-degree steering on the EDiA EM and its outstanding adaptation to different loads and driving conditions impressed the jury in 2019 when it gained a Red Dot of its own. And this addition to EDiA XL’s growing trophy cabinet follows October’s win at the UK Material Handling awards where it took home the title in the Environment category thanks to a blend of unique technology, class-leading performance, and quiet, emission-free operation.

Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks is a brand of Mitsubishi Logisnext Co. Ltd. (ML) who design, manufacture, sell and distribute a comprehensive range of high-quality, innovative warehouse equipment, IC/ electric counterbalance forklifts and AGV solutions. With 11,000 employees and total sales of around £2,777 million GBP (As of March 2022), ML is the world’s fourth-largest industrial truck manufacturer.

The equipment supplied for European materials handling solutions in logistics and warehousing are designed and produced at the group’s production facilities in Sweden, Spain, Finland, China and Japan. Consequently, our spread of customers are involved in storage and distribution warehousing (Raw material and finished goods) as well as manufacturing with interests that include the production of food & beverages, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, metal & automotive and the building industry.

Fifth Red Dot for Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks

The EDiA XL electric counterbalance from Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks has picked up its second honour in recent months after being named winner of a Red Dot design award for 2023.

This latest accolade means the entire current EDiA range: the 1.4–2.0-tonne EDiA EM, the 2.5–3.5-tonne EDiA EX, and the 4.0–5.5-tonne EDiA XL, have all been granted use of the famous Red Dot. A much sought-after mark, it has become an internationally recognised symbol of outstanding design over its 60+ year history, signifying excellence in aesthetics, functionality, or innovation.
A truly next-generation forklift, EDiA XL is a step forward for what is possible with electric trucks, offering performance and productivity beyond IC engine models thanks to cutting-edge developments such as AutoBoost and Adaptive Lit Control, combined with the green, efficient benefits of electricity. The Red Dot jury was highly impressed by EDiA XL’s clean and modern design and outstanding ergonomics, creating an incredibly driver-focused truck.

In fact, ergonomics has been a key feature of all the EDiA wins, highlighting Mitsubishi Forklift Truck’s commitment to ensuring operators always remain at their most comfortable, even through the longest shifts.

EDiA EX was a winner in 2015 thanks to its pioneering features, such as the Sensitive Drive System, excellent all-round visibility, and fluid, intuitive operation. 360-degree steering on the EDiA EM and its outstanding adaptation to different loads and driving conditions impressed the jury in 2019 when it gained a Red Dot of its own. And this addition to EDiA XL’s growing trophy cabinet follows October’s win at the UK Material Handling awards where it took home the title in the Environment category thanks to a blend of unique technology, class-leading performance, and quiet, emission-free operation.

Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks is a brand of Mitsubishi Logisnext Co. Ltd. (ML) who design, manufacture, sell and distribute a comprehensive range of high-quality, innovative warehouse equipment, IC/ electric counterbalance forklifts and AGV solutions. With 11,000 employees and total sales of around £2,777 million GBP (As of March 2022), ML is the world’s fourth-largest industrial truck manufacturer.

The equipment supplied for European materials handling solutions in logistics and warehousing are designed and produced at the group’s production facilities in Sweden, Spain, Finland, China and Japan. Consequently, our spread of customers are involved in storage and distribution warehousing (Raw material and finished goods) as well as manufacturing with interests that include the production of food & beverages, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, metal & automotive and the building industry.

IFOY Test Report: ff Fördersysteme

It’s the turn of ff Fördersysteme’s 3D conveyor and drive system in the spotlight as we continue our run-through of all the IFOY Award finalists ahead of the announcement ceremony in Dortmund on June 22nd.

Category: Start-up of the Year

IFOY Test Report

ff Fördersysteme offers a flexible basic system for conveyor and transport systems of all kinds. On the basis of a three-dimensionally movable chain and a guide system consisting of straight and curved segments, conveyor sections that are precisely adapted to the respective requirements can be implemented without interfaces in the smallest of spaces. By adapting the system with various transport drivers, it is suitable for a wide variety of applications.

The basis of the conveyor system is a patented, three-dimensionally movable drive chain. The free movement of the chain is made possible by an axial axis of rotation. In contrast to conventional conveyor chains, this 3D chain can thus twist on a helical path and run straight into it on a continuing path. This allows the conveyor chain to follow any guideway and curvature in space.

The chain consists of two chain links, which are connected to each other by means of an axial pin. These links can be manufactured in different sizes and materials depending on the requirements. The chain is guided in an aluminium profile. This profile is open on one side so that a carrier for the transported material can be placed directly on the conveyor chain. The load is transferred via the guide rail.

The modular 3D chain drive system consists of straight and curved components that can be flexibly linked together, allowing a system to be converted or retrofitted as required. This allows the tightest radii and any inclines to be mastered and the shortest possible conveying distance to be realised. No interfaces, interruptions and associated drives, sensors, etc. are necessary. By attaching different transport carriers such as conveyor belts, plastic boxes, overhead conveyors and possibly even a lightweight robot, the system can be used in a wide variety of ways. The technology thus also offers the possibility of converting an existing conveyor system or managing an entire production process with a single basic system.

Innovation: The simplicity, flexible use by means of different transport attachments and the three-dimensionality of the system are particularly noteworthy. Most conveyor lines, with curves, ramps, elevators, etc., consist of a large number of combined modules. Each module usually has its own drive and sensors. This results in numerous transfer points and all drives must be integrated into one control system. Gradients are often only possible to a limited extent.

The ff conveyor sections consist of a single drive train, which can be designed three-dimensionally in space as required and can be linked to various transport attachments. Whether transporting, tilting, swivelling, rotating: various tasks can be solved in one track. 3D systems offered on the market do not offer full freedom of movement and are also mostly designed for a specific application. This opens up new possibilities in plant design with ff conveyor systems. An example application could be a spiral conveyor that can travel up a transport path once and back down again in the same piece. This endless loop allows such a system to serve once as a buffer, packages can be fed in, but also removed again. This results in enormous space savings.

Market relevance: The 3D chain drive offers a technical and economic alternative in many areas. For example, the system can be used in the industrial sector, but also in passenger transportation. In the field of passenger transportation, this technology can be used as a new drive technology for a three-dimensional escalator.

Main advantages for the customer: ff Fördersysteme offers a basic system for installations that are not only designed and built for a specific purpose. Flexible adaptation allows them to be converted to meet a wide variety of requirements – today transporting battery components, tomorrow parts for a hydrogen drive. The three-dimensional mobility eliminates the need for a modular design of a conveyor system. This results in significantly reduced engineering and equipment requirements with enormous cost and resource advantages. The possibility of new routing also offers additional space advantages. Last but not least, the assembly, installation and maintenance effort is low.

IFOY test verdict: ff Fördersysteme offers a flexible basic system for conveyor and transport systems of all kinds. Based on a three-dimensionally movable chain and a guide system consisting of straight and curved segments, conveyor lines precisely adapted to the respective requirements can be realised in a very confined space without interfaces. The adaptation of the system with various transport carriers makes it suitable for a wide range of applications.

IFOY Innovation Check

Market relevance: Optimally suited for complex existing buildings due to the very flexible geometry and the high number of degrees of freedom. However, it is certainly not a standard solution for every application. In the environment of limited space, for example for future urban solutions, certainly of importance, but also here dependent on the price. The envisaged area of passenger transportation also sounds particularly interesting, although this is not yet described further in conceptual terms.

Customer benefit: All spatial directions and even a rotary movement around its own axis can be implemented. This means that a high degree of space economy can be achieved. Furthermore, the chain and the chain carrier can be designed for virtually any application. This means that practically any load carrier is possible in the field of small load transport. Possible applications can be found in various industrial sectors, both as a pure drive element in multidimensional conveyors or, with the appropriate load carrier, as an independent conveyor system.

Novelty / Innovation: Very good, patented idea for driving multidimensional conveyors with a maximum number of degrees of freedom. Due to the special design, the drive motor can be accommodated almost anywhere, drives positively and almost without polygon effect. This results in very smooth running for a chain conveyor. The design itself is a clear leap forward in innovation, but the application and available construction kit has yet to be developed. It should be possible to cover long distances with a closed drive train, although the maximum lengths that can be implemented have not yet been described in detail.

Functionality / Type of implementation: Since this is a start-up category, the idea has so far only been implemented as a prototype, and the chain guide has been realised as a 3D print. Even as a prototype, the high-quality, robust design is clearly evident, which is also suitable for dynamic and demanding industrial use and certainly ensures a long service life with all its flexibility.

Verdict: Nice, purely mechanical idea, which can certainly offer great advantages for specific applications due to the very flexible geometry. However, the cost side is quite little known, also the performance can only be estimated. The product is still at a very early stage. The innovative leap is definitely neatly present in the mechanical area, but as an overall system it is still difficult to estimate.

Market relevance Ø
Customer benefit +
Novelty / Innovation +
Functionality / Type of implementation +
[KEY: ++ very good / + good / Ø balanced / – less / — not available]

IFOY Test Report: ff Fördersysteme

It’s the turn of ff Fördersysteme’s 3D conveyor and drive system in the spotlight as we continue our run-through of all the IFOY Award finalists ahead of the announcement ceremony in Dortmund on June 22nd.

Category: Start-up of the Year

IFOY Test Report

ff Fördersysteme offers a flexible basic system for conveyor and transport systems of all kinds. On the basis of a three-dimensionally movable chain and a guide system consisting of straight and curved segments, conveyor sections that are precisely adapted to the respective requirements can be implemented without interfaces in the smallest of spaces. By adapting the system with various transport drivers, it is suitable for a wide variety of applications.

The basis of the conveyor system is a patented, three-dimensionally movable drive chain. The free movement of the chain is made possible by an axial axis of rotation. In contrast to conventional conveyor chains, this 3D chain can thus twist on a helical path and run straight into it on a continuing path. This allows the conveyor chain to follow any guideway and curvature in space.

The chain consists of two chain links, which are connected to each other by means of an axial pin. These links can be manufactured in different sizes and materials depending on the requirements. The chain is guided in an aluminium profile. This profile is open on one side so that a carrier for the transported material can be placed directly on the conveyor chain. The load is transferred via the guide rail.

The modular 3D chain drive system consists of straight and curved components that can be flexibly linked together, allowing a system to be converted or retrofitted as required. This allows the tightest radii and any inclines to be mastered and the shortest possible conveying distance to be realised. No interfaces, interruptions and associated drives, sensors, etc. are necessary. By attaching different transport carriers such as conveyor belts, plastic boxes, overhead conveyors and possibly even a lightweight robot, the system can be used in a wide variety of ways. The technology thus also offers the possibility of converting an existing conveyor system or managing an entire production process with a single basic system.

Innovation: The simplicity, flexible use by means of different transport attachments and the three-dimensionality of the system are particularly noteworthy. Most conveyor lines, with curves, ramps, elevators, etc., consist of a large number of combined modules. Each module usually has its own drive and sensors. This results in numerous transfer points and all drives must be integrated into one control system. Gradients are often only possible to a limited extent.

The ff conveyor sections consist of a single drive train, which can be designed three-dimensionally in space as required and can be linked to various transport attachments. Whether transporting, tilting, swivelling, rotating: various tasks can be solved in one track. 3D systems offered on the market do not offer full freedom of movement and are also mostly designed for a specific application. This opens up new possibilities in plant design with ff conveyor systems. An example application could be a spiral conveyor that can travel up a transport path once and back down again in the same piece. This endless loop allows such a system to serve once as a buffer, packages can be fed in, but also removed again. This results in enormous space savings.

Market relevance: The 3D chain drive offers a technical and economic alternative in many areas. For example, the system can be used in the industrial sector, but also in passenger transportation. In the field of passenger transportation, this technology can be used as a new drive technology for a three-dimensional escalator.

Main advantages for the customer: ff Fördersysteme offers a basic system for installations that are not only designed and built for a specific purpose. Flexible adaptation allows them to be converted to meet a wide variety of requirements – today transporting battery components, tomorrow parts for a hydrogen drive. The three-dimensional mobility eliminates the need for a modular design of a conveyor system. This results in significantly reduced engineering and equipment requirements with enormous cost and resource advantages. The possibility of new routing also offers additional space advantages. Last but not least, the assembly, installation and maintenance effort is low.

IFOY test verdict: ff Fördersysteme offers a flexible basic system for conveyor and transport systems of all kinds. Based on a three-dimensionally movable chain and a guide system consisting of straight and curved segments, conveyor lines precisely adapted to the respective requirements can be realised in a very confined space without interfaces. The adaptation of the system with various transport carriers makes it suitable for a wide range of applications.

IFOY Innovation Check

Market relevance: Optimally suited for complex existing buildings due to the very flexible geometry and the high number of degrees of freedom. However, it is certainly not a standard solution for every application. In the environment of limited space, for example for future urban solutions, certainly of importance, but also here dependent on the price. The envisaged area of passenger transportation also sounds particularly interesting, although this is not yet described further in conceptual terms.

Customer benefit: All spatial directions and even a rotary movement around its own axis can be implemented. This means that a high degree of space economy can be achieved. Furthermore, the chain and the chain carrier can be designed for virtually any application. This means that practically any load carrier is possible in the field of small load transport. Possible applications can be found in various industrial sectors, both as a pure drive element in multidimensional conveyors or, with the appropriate load carrier, as an independent conveyor system.

Novelty / Innovation: Very good, patented idea for driving multidimensional conveyors with a maximum number of degrees of freedom. Due to the special design, the drive motor can be accommodated almost anywhere, drives positively and almost without polygon effect. This results in very smooth running for a chain conveyor. The design itself is a clear leap forward in innovation, but the application and available construction kit has yet to be developed. It should be possible to cover long distances with a closed drive train, although the maximum lengths that can be implemented have not yet been described in detail.

Functionality / Type of implementation: Since this is a start-up category, the idea has so far only been implemented as a prototype, and the chain guide has been realised as a 3D print. Even as a prototype, the high-quality, robust design is clearly evident, which is also suitable for dynamic and demanding industrial use and certainly ensures a long service life with all its flexibility.

Verdict: Nice, purely mechanical idea, which can certainly offer great advantages for specific applications due to the very flexible geometry. However, the cost side is quite little known, also the performance can only be estimated. The product is still at a very early stage. The innovative leap is definitely neatly present in the mechanical area, but as an overall system it is still difficult to estimate.

Market relevance Ø
Customer benefit +
Novelty / Innovation +
Functionality / Type of implementation +
[KEY: ++ very good / + good / Ø balanced / – less / — not available]

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